Php/docs/language.oop5.variance
Covariance and Contravariance
In PHP 7.2.0, partial contravariance was introduced by removing type restrictions on parameters in a child method. As of PHP 7.4.0, full covariance and contravariance support was added.
Covariance allows a child's method to return a more specific type than the return type of its parent's method. Whereas, contravariance allows a parameter type to be less specific in a child method, than that of its parent.
Covariance
To illustrate how covariance works, a simple abstract parent class, Animal
is created. Animal will be extended by children classes,
Cat, and Dog.
<?phpabstract class Animal{ protected string $name; public function __construct(string $name) { $this->name = $name; } abstract public function speak();}class Dog extends Animal{ public function speak() { echo $this->name . " barks"; }}class Cat extends Animal { public function speak() { echo $this->name . " meows"; }}
Note that there aren't any methods which return values in this example. A few factories
will be added which return a new object of class type Animal,
Cat, or Dog.
<?phpinterface AnimalShelter{ public function adopt(string $name): Animal;}class CatShelter implements AnimalShelter{ public function adopt(string $name): Cat // instead of returning class type Animal, it can return class type Cat { return new Cat($name); }}class DogShelter implements AnimalShelter{ public function adopt(string $name): Dog // instead of returning class type Animal, it can return class type Dog { return new Dog($name); }}$kitty = (new CatShelter)->adopt("Ricky");$kitty->speak();echo "\n";$doggy = (new DogShelter)->adopt("Mavrick");$doggy->speak();
以上例程会输出：
Ricky meows Mavrick barks
Contravariance
Continuing with the previous example with the classes Animal,
Cat, and Dog, a class called
Food and AnimalFood will be included, and
a method eat(AnimalFood $food) is added to the Animal
abstract class.
<?phpclass Food {}class AnimalFood extends Food {}abstract class Animal{ protected string $name; public function __construct(string $name) { $this->name = $name; } public function eat(AnimalFood $food) { echo $this->name . " eats " . get_class($food); }}
In order to see the behavior of contravariance, the
eat method is overridden in the Dog class to allow
any Food type object. The Cat class remains unchanged.
<?phpclass Dog extends Animal{ public function eat(Food $food) { echo $this->name . " eats " . get_class($food); }}
The next example will show the behavior of contravariance.
<?php$kitty = (new CatShelter)->adopt("Ricky");$catFood = new AnimalFood();$kitty->eat($catFood);echo "\n";$doggy = (new DogShelter)->adopt("Mavrick");$banana = new Food();$doggy->eat($banana);
以上例程会输出：
Ricky eats AnimalFood Mavrick eats Food
But what happens if $kitty tries to eat the
$banana?
$kitty->eat($banana);
以上例程会输出：
Fatal error: Uncaught TypeError: Argument 1 passed to Animal::eat() must be an instance of AnimalFood, instance of Food given
