多对一关系 — Django 文档

多对一关系

要定义多对一关系，请使用 ForeignKey：

from django.db import models

class Reporter(models.Model):
    first_name = models.CharField(max_length=30)
    last_name = models.CharField(max_length=30)
    email = models.EmailField()

    def __str__(self):
        return "%s %s" % (self.first_name, self.last_name)

class Article(models.Model):
    headline = models.CharField(max_length=100)
    pub_date = models.DateField()
    reporter = models.ForeignKey(Reporter, on_delete=models.CASCADE)

    def __str__(self):
        return self.headline

    class Meta:
        ordering = ['headline']

下面是可以使用 Python API 工具执行的操作示例。

创建几个记者：

>>> r = Reporter(first_name='John', last_name='Smith', email='john@example.com')
>>> r.save()

>>> r2 = Reporter(first_name='Paul', last_name='Jones', email='paul@example.com')
>>> r2.save()

创建文章：

>>> from datetime import date
>>> a = Article(id=None, headline="This is a test", pub_date=date(2005, 7, 27), reporter=r)
>>> a.save()

>>> a.reporter.id
1

>>> a.reporter
<Reporter: John Smith>

请注意，您必须先保存对象，然后才能将其分配给外键关系。 例如，使用未保存的 Reporter 创建一个 Article 会引发 ValueError：

>>> r3 = Reporter(first_name='John', last_name='Smith', email='john@example.com')
>>> Article.objects.create(headline="This is a test", pub_date=date(2005, 7, 27), reporter=r3)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: save() prohibited to prevent data loss due to unsaved related object 'reporter'.

文章对象可以访问其相关的 Reporter 对象：

>>> r = a.reporter

通过 Reporter 对象创建文章：

>>> new_article = r.article_set.create(headline="John's second story", pub_date=date(2005, 7, 29))
>>> new_article
<Article: John's second story>
>>> new_article.reporter
<Reporter: John Smith>
>>> new_article.reporter.id
1

创建新文章：

>>> new_article2 = Article.objects.create(headline="Paul's story", pub_date=date(2006, 1, 17), reporter=r)
>>> new_article2.reporter
<Reporter: John Smith>
>>> new_article2.reporter.id
1
>>> r.article_set.all()
<QuerySet [<Article: John's second story>, <Article: Paul's story>, <Article: This is a test>]>

将同一文章添加到不同的文章集 - 检查它是否移动：

>>> r2.article_set.add(new_article2)
>>> new_article2.reporter.id
2
>>> new_article2.reporter
<Reporter: Paul Jones>

添加错误类型的对象会引发 TypeError：

>>> r.article_set.add(r2)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
TypeError: 'Article' instance expected, got <Reporter: Paul Jones>

>>> r.article_set.all()
<QuerySet [<Article: John's second story>, <Article: This is a test>]>
>>> r2.article_set.all()
<QuerySet [<Article: Paul's story>]>

>>> r.article_set.count()
2

>>> r2.article_set.count()
1

请注意，在最后一个示例中，文章已从 John 移至 Paul。

相关管理器也支持字段查找。 API 会根据您的需要自动跟踪关系。 使用双下划线分隔关系。 这可以根据您的需要进行任意深度的工作。 没有限制。 例如：

>>> r.article_set.filter(headline__startswith='This')
<QuerySet [<Article: This is a test>]>

# Find all Articles for any Reporter whose first name is "John".
>>> Article.objects.filter(reporter__first_name='John')
<QuerySet [<Article: John's second story>, <Article: This is a test>]>

这里暗示了完全匹配：

>>> Article.objects.filter(reporter__first_name='John')
<QuerySet [<Article: John's second story>, <Article: This is a test>]>

在相关字段上查询两次。 这转化为 WHERE 子句中的 AND 条件：

>>> Article.objects.filter(reporter__first_name='John', reporter__last_name='Smith')
<QuerySet [<Article: John's second story>, <Article: This is a test>]>

对于相关查找，您可以提供主键值或显式传递相关对象：

>>> Article.objects.filter(reporter__pk=1)
<QuerySet [<Article: John's second story>, <Article: This is a test>]>
>>> Article.objects.filter(reporter=1)
<QuerySet [<Article: John's second story>, <Article: This is a test>]>
>>> Article.objects.filter(reporter=r)
<QuerySet [<Article: John's second story>, <Article: This is a test>]>

>>> Article.objects.filter(reporter__in=[1,2]).distinct()
<QuerySet [<Article: John's second story>, <Article: Paul's story>, <Article: This is a test>]>
>>> Article.objects.filter(reporter__in=[r,r2]).distinct()
<QuerySet [<Article: John's second story>, <Article: Paul's story>, <Article: This is a test>]>

您还可以使用查询集而不是实例的文字列表：

>>> Article.objects.filter(reporter__in=Reporter.objects.filter(first_name='John')).distinct()
<QuerySet [<Article: John's second story>, <Article: This is a test>]>

反方向查询：

>>> Reporter.objects.filter(article__pk=1)
<QuerySet [<Reporter: John Smith>]>
>>> Reporter.objects.filter(article=1)
<QuerySet [<Reporter: John Smith>]>
>>> Reporter.objects.filter(article=a)
<QuerySet [<Reporter: John Smith>]>

>>> Reporter.objects.filter(article__headline__startswith='This')
<QuerySet [<Reporter: John Smith>, <Reporter: John Smith>, <Reporter: John Smith>]>
>>> Reporter.objects.filter(article__headline__startswith='This').distinct()
<QuerySet [<Reporter: John Smith>]>

反方向计数与 distinct() 结合使用：

>>> Reporter.objects.filter(article__headline__startswith='This').count()
3
>>> Reporter.objects.filter(article__headline__startswith='This').distinct().count()
1

查询可以循环进行：

>>> Reporter.objects.filter(article__reporter__first_name__startswith='John')
<QuerySet [<Reporter: John Smith>, <Reporter: John Smith>, <Reporter: John Smith>, <Reporter: John Smith>]>
>>> Reporter.objects.filter(article__reporter__first_name__startswith='John').distinct()
<QuerySet [<Reporter: John Smith>]>
>>> Reporter.objects.filter(article__reporter=r).distinct()
<QuerySet [<Reporter: John Smith>]>

如果删除记者，他们的文章将被删除（假设 ForeignKey 定义为 django.db.models.ForeignKey.on_delete 设置为 CASCADE，这是默认值）：

>>> Article.objects.all()
<QuerySet [<Article: John's second story>, <Article: Paul's story>, <Article: This is a test>]>
>>> Reporter.objects.order_by('first_name')
<QuerySet [<Reporter: John Smith>, <Reporter: Paul Jones>]>
>>> r2.delete()
>>> Article.objects.all()
<QuerySet [<Article: John's second story>, <Article: This is a test>]>
>>> Reporter.objects.order_by('first_name')
<QuerySet [<Reporter: John Smith>]>

您可以在查询中使用 JOIN 删除：

>>> Reporter.objects.filter(article__headline__startswith='This').delete()
>>> Reporter.objects.all()
<QuerySet []>
>>> Article.objects.all()
<QuerySet []>